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Domain name nicyo igamije
Domain name ni ikirango kigaragaza ahantu ufite ubutware wihariye,ubushobozi n’ububasha kuri internet. Domain name ikozwe n’amategeko ndetse ni nzira yashyizweho na domain name system (DNS). Buri zina ryanditse muri DNS ni domain name .
Domain names ikoreshwa mu miyoboro itandukanye ndetse kubikorwa byihariye no kurasa ku ntego. Muri rusange, domain name ihagarariye internet protocol (IP) resource, aribyo mudasobwa ikoreshwa ku kugera kuri internet, hosting y’urubuga kuri seriveri ya mudasobwa, cyangwa urubuga ubwarwo cyangwa indi serivisi ikoresheje internet .
Domain name itunganyije mu nzego zikurikirana (subdomains) y’imizi ya domain ya DNS, idafite izina. Urwego rwa mbere rw’ihuriro rwa domain names ni rwo ruhambaye kuri domain (TLDs), ukubiyemo generic yo ku rwego ruhambaye(gTLDs), ari byo bya domains ya ngombwa com, info, net, edu na org, kandi na domain ya kode y’igihugu yo ku rwego ruhambaye (ccTLDs). Munsi izi domain zo ku rwego ruhambaye muri DNS ikurikirana gutya urwego rwa kabiri n’urwa gatatu bya domain names zihora zifunguriwe mukubika n’uyikoresha wa nyuma bifuza kuyihuza n’umuyoboro wo mu gace kiwanyu kuri internet, gukora internet igerwaho na bose cyangwa ikora nk’imbuga. Kwandikisha izi domain names zihora ziyobowe n’abanditsi ba domain name bazigurisha ku bantu.
Domain name yujuje ibyangombwa (FQDN) ni domain name iba yuzuye kandi ikurikirana muburyo buzwi kuri DNS, Nta kindi kiba kibura .
Domain names ziba iteka mu nyuguti nto, nubwo ibirango bya system ya domain name biri case-insensitive.
Domain names ikora muburyo bworoshye bwo kwibuka izina ku isoko ya internet aribyo nka mudasobwa, imiyoboro ndetse na serivisi. Domain name ihagariye inkomoko ya Internet Protocol(IP). Ukoresha internet host computers akoresheje domain names nkumu host identifiers. Cyangwa host names. Host names ni leaf labels iri muri domain name system isanzwe nta mwanya ukirikiranye wa domain name. Host names igaragara nk’ikintu cyingenzi muri Uniform Resource Locators(URLs) ku isoko ya internet nk’imbuga (e.g., en.wikipedia.org) .
Domain names ikoreshwa kandi nk’ikintu cyoroheje mu kwerekana ikirango mu kugaragaza nyir’ubwite cyangwa isoko. Iz’ingero zerekana ahantu hakoreshwa muri Session Initiation Protocol(SIP), inzira za domain zakoreshejwe mu gusuzuma domain ya DNS muri systems ya imeli, no muzindi Uniform Resource Identifier (URIs).
Umumaro wangobwa wa domain names ni ugutanga inzira yoroshye yo kumenya no kwibuka amazina kuri aderesi iri mu mibare yerekeye amasoko ya internet. Iki gitekerezo cyemera isoko kujya ahantu hatandukanye kandi ha huza aderesi topology y’umuyoboro mpuzamahanga cyangwa wo mu karere . Ibyo bikorwa ubundi bisaba guhindura aderesi ya IP y’isoko no guhuza impinduka y’iyi aderesi IP kuva no kuri domain name.
Domain names zikoreshwa mu gushimangira umwirondoro wihariye. Amashyirahamwe ashobora guhitamo domain name zihuye n’amazina yazo, bigafasha abakoresha internet ku babona byoroshye.
Kuki serivisi za hosting y’urubuga?
Serivisi za hosting y’urubuga ni ubwoko bwa serivisi za hosting ya internet bwemera abantu cyangwa imiryango gukora urubuga rugerwaho ukoresheje urubuga mpuzamahanga .(World Wide Web). Web hosts ni ibigo by’ubucuruzi bitanga umwanya kuri seriveri zabo cyangwa zikodeshejwe ku girango zikoreshwe n’abaguzii, kandi itanga ubuhure(connectivity) bwa internet, ahaba amakurushingiro(data center). Web hosts ishobora kandi gutanga ahantu hava amakurushingiro n’ubuhure kuri internet kuwundi utanga internet uri muri aho amakurushingiro aba, bita Colocation,cyangwa izwi nka housing mu ki namerika y’epfo cyangwa mu gifaransa.
Agace ka serivisi ya hosting y’urubugahosting gahinduk mu buryo bwisumbuye. Akenshi ishingiro rinini ni paji y’urubuga ni nagace gato ka fishi ya hosting, aho amadosiye ashobora gushyirwa hakoreshejwe amasezerano yo kubika amadosiye(file transfer protocol) cyangwa web interface, amadosiye ubusanzwe ashyirwa ku rubuga”as is”cyangwa minimal processing. Abatanga internet benshi (ISPs) baha abafatabuguzi (subscribers) serivisi ku buntu. Abantu cyangwa ibigo bishobora kubona hosting y’urubuga kubasimbura ababahaga serivisi za internet. Urubuga rw’umuntu ku giti cye hosting bihora ari ubuntu, kwamamaza biterwa inkunga, kandi ntibihenze. Ubucuruzi bwo gushyiraho urubuga ubundi burahenze bigendeye kungano ndetse n’ubwoko bw’urubuga.
Gushyiraho paji imwe akenshi bibabihagije ku rubuga rw’umuntu umwe, imbuga zigoranye bisaba kwaka kubahanga (application development platfoams), (ingero PHP, Java, Ruby on Rails,Coldfusion,ASP.NET) uku korohereza abaguzi gutuma kwandika cyangwa gushyira inyandiko za application imeze nk’ihuriro cyangwa content management
Kandi kurinda sockets layer(SSL) ikoreshwa mubucuruzi bwo kuri internet.
Utanga internet atanga indi nzira cyangwa inteko igenzura ikanayobora seriveri y’urubuga ikanashyiramo inyandiko, igashyirahamwe ndetse ikandikishwa kuri imeli. Bamwe mubazobereye mugushyiraho internet za software na za serivisi, urugero nk’ubucuruzi bwo kuri internet, arinabwo bukunze gukoreshwa n’ibigo by’ubucuruzi binini iyo nzira yo kwifashisha mu bikorwa remezo byo kurusobemiyoboro (outsource network infrastructure).
Hosting y’urubuga ni igice rusange gitangwa na gahunda yo gukwirakwiza internet, hari izubuntu nyinshi n’izishyurwa utanga internet atanga aya moko ya hosting y’urubuga.
Umuguzi ushaka kugenzura ibisabwa mu kwiyandikisha ahitamo ubwoko bwa hosting aza koresha. Ibyo bigenderwaho bigizwe n’ububikoshingiro(database) seriveri ya software, inyandiko za software, system y’imikorere (operating system). Abenshi mu batanga internet batanga linux-based web hosting ariyo itanga inzira nini ya za software zitandukanye . ikunze kugaragazwa kuri linux server ni LAMP platform: Linux,Apache,MySQL,na PHP/Perl/Pyton. Abaguzi ba Web hosting bashobora gushaka indi serivisi,nka imili kubucuruzi bwabo,ububikoshingiro(database) cyangwa serivisi za multimedis. Umuguzi kandi ashobora guhitamo windows nka hosting platfoam. Umuguzi kandi ashobora guhitamo kuri PHP.Perl,na Python gusa akoresheje ASP.Net cyangwa ASP igezweho. Dosiye porogaramu (packages) ya web hosting akenshi igizwe na web content management system , rero ukoresha internet nta mpungenge akwiye kugira yibyerekeye ikoresha rya hosting y’urubuga.
